Chambers's Edinburgh Journal was a weekly 16-page magazine started by William Chambers in 1832. Topics included history, religion, language, and science. William was soon joined as joint editor by his brother Robert, who wrote many of the articles for the early issues, and within a few years the journal had a circulation of 84, 000. In 1854 the title was changed to Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Arts, and changed again to Chambers's Journal at the end of 1897. The journal continued to be published until 1956. Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 438 contents: PHILOSOPHY OF LAUGHTER, MARGARET FULLER OSSOLI, THE COUNTER-STROKE, THE TAXES ON KNOWLEDGE, THE VEGETATION OF EUROPE, A HALF-PENNYWORTH OF NAVIGATION, A LONDON NEWSPAPER IN 1667, A SCENE IN BOSTON, THE TONGUE OF FIRE.